Step 1: Cook the Pasta

1. Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Cook penne pasta until al dente, according to package directions.
2. Drain and toss with olive oil to prevent sticking.

Step 2: Prepare the Meat Sauce

1. In a large skillet over medium heat, cook the ground beef (or sausage) until browned. Drain excess fat.
2. Add onion and garlic, sauté for 2-3 minutes until softened.
3. Stir in marinara sauce, Italian seasoning, salt, black pepper, and red pepper flakes. Simmer for 5 minutes.

Step 3: Assemble the Baked Penne

1. Preheat oven to 375°F (190°C). Grease a 9×13-inch baking dish.
2. In a large bowl, mix the cooked pasta with ricotta cheese.
3. Spread half of the pasta mixture into the baking dish. Top with half of the meat sauce, then sprinkle with ½ cup mozzarella and ¼ cup Parmesan.
4. Repeat layers with the remaining pasta, sauce, and cheeses.

Step 4: Bake & Serve

1. Cover with foil and bake for 20 minutes. Remove foil and bake for another 10 minutes, until the cheese is golden and bubbly.
2. Let sit for 5 minutes, then garnish with fresh basil or parsley before serving.